Roofing Contractor Bid Estimator Calculator

Screen a defensible roofing bid by stacking squares, pitch-adjusted labor, tear-off layers, material system, accessories, dump fees, overhead, and target margin. Models NRCA labor productivity benchmarks (asphalt 1-2 hr/sq, metal standing-seam 2-3 hr/sq, tile 3-5 hr/sq, TPO 1-2 hr/sq), supplier midpoints by material system (asphalt 3-tab $75-$125/sq, asphalt architectural $125-$200/sq, metal standing-seam $700-$1200/sq, metal exposed-fastener $400-$700/sq, concrete tile $600-$1000/sq, clay tile $1000-$1500/sq, TPO $400-$700/sq, EPDM $400-$900/sq), pitch productivity multipliers (steep 1.3x, very steep 1.6x), waste factor by system, and the fully-loaded labor rate which carries NCCI class 5551 (roofing) workers' compensation — the highest commercial WC rate in the standard NCCI manual at $25-$60 per $100 of payroll. Outputs total squares, labor hours, material cost, recommended bid, and bid per square. Tool, not advice — final bid must account for manufacturer-certified-contractor program requirements (GAF Master Elite, Owens Corning Platinum, CertainTeed SELECT ShingleMaster, Carlisle authorized applicator), local permit and disposal rules, and OSHA 1926 Subpart M fall-protection rigging on steep slopes.

Calculator

Adjust the inputs below; the result updates instantly.

Roof geometry

Roof surface area (sq ft)

Roof pitch

Roof pitch class. Pitch drives labor productivity (steep-slope work is materially slower) and OSHA 1926 Subpart M fall-protection rigging requirements (mandatory above 6 ft height regardless of pitch, but the rigging burden scales with pitch). NRCA productivity multipliers: low (3/12 and under) 1.0x; moderate (4/12 - 6/12) 1.1x; steep (7/12 - 9/12) 1.3x; very steep (10/12+) 1.6x.

Existing layers to tear off

Material system

Roofing material system

Roofing material system. Selection drives material cost per square, labor hours per square, and waste factor. Asphalt is the residential workhorse (lowest material cost, fastest install); metal standing-seam is the premium long-life residential system; tile is the standard for tile-roof regions and HOA architectural-controlled communities; TPO and EPDM are low-slope commercial membranes.

Accessories

Synthetic underlaymentSynthetic underlayment under the primary roofing system. Required by most manufacturer warranty programs (GAF, Owens Corning, CertainTeed). Approximately $25 per square delivered.

Ice-and-water shieldSelf-adhered ice-and-water shield at eaves, valleys, and roof penetrations. Required by IRC R905 in regions with ice-dam exposure and by most manufacturer warranties as an enhanced-warranty trigger. Approximately $35 per square delivered.

Drip edgeMetal drip edge at eaves and rakes. Required by IRC R905.2.8.5 on asphalt shingle installations. Approximately $12 per square equivalent.

Ridge and soffit ventsContinuous ridge vent + soffit vents for balanced attic ventilation. Manufacturer warranties require ventilation meeting net free area requirements (1:300 ratio per IRC R806). Approximately $18 per square.

Step and counter flashingStep flashing at walls + counter flashing at chimneys and skylights. Recommended fresh on every tear-off project; reusing existing flashing voids most manufacturer warranties. Approximately $22 per square.

Cost inputs

Fully-loaded labor rate ($/hour)

Company overhead allocation (%)

Target net margin on bid (%)

Recommended bid price

20,595.99

Bid per square: $596.99
Total squares (after waste): 34.5
Total labor hours: 74.2
Labor cost: $5,563.13
Material cost: $5,520.00
Accessories cost: $3,864.00
Tear-off disposal cost: $276.00
Total direct cost: $15,223.13
Loaded cost (direct + overhead): $17,506.59
Gross profit at recommended bid: $3,089.40
Summary: 34.5 squares of asphalt architectural (base 30.0 sq + 15% waste). Install labor 56.9 hr at 1.5 hr/sq base × 1.10 pitch multiplier; tear-off 17.3 hr over 1 layer(s). Direct cost $15,223 = $5,563 labor + $5,520 material + $3,864 accessories + $276 disposal. Overhead at 15.0%: $2,283; loaded cost $17,507. Recommended bid at 15.0% target margin: $20,596 ($597 per square, $3,089 gross profit). This is a screening estimate; final bid must account for manufacturer-certified-contractor program requirements, local permit and disposal rules, OSHA 1926 Subpart M fall-protection rigging on steep slopes, supplier delivery surcharges, and crew skill mix.

Tools to go with this

Running a roofing shop? Lock in the bid-pricing workbook before the next round of estimates.

Fennec Press's roofing-contractor planning bundle includes the NRCA labor-productivity worksheet, the material-system cost-per-square benchmark sheet, the NCCI 5551 workers'-compensation cost-loading worksheet, the manufacturer-certified-contractor program comparison (GAF Master Elite versus Owens Corning Platinum Preferred versus CertainTeed SELECT ShingleMaster versus Carlisle authorized applicator), the OSHA 1926 Subpart M fall-protection rigging checklist, the tear-off disposal regulatory matrix, and the multi-state contractor-licensing-and-bond reference — built for roofing owner-operators, estimators, and the construction CPAs who advise them.

Open Fennec Press roofing-contractor bundle→

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Published by

The Fennec Lab Editorial Team

Statute-cited · Unit-tested

Reviewed against: NRCA (National Roofing Contractors Association) labor productivity benchmarks and roofing-systems estimating standards; NCCI class code 5551 (roofing) workers' compensation rate filings (NCCI Scopes Manual); OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M (fall protection) trigger thresholds for steep-slope work; supplier midpoint pricing from ABC Supply, Beacon Building Products, and SRS Distribution distributor channels; manufacturer-certified-contractor programs (GAF Master Elite, Owens Corning Platinum Preferred, CertainTeed SELECT ShingleMaster, Carlisle authorized applicator) for warranty-eligible installation; FRSA (Florida Roofing and Sheet Metal Contractors Association) and RCMA (Roof Coatings Manufacturers Association) industry references; waste-factor convention by roofing system (asphalt 10-15%, metal 15%, tile 20%, membrane 5%); CFMA specialty trade contractor net margin band of 12-20%

Last reviewed: 2026-05-17

How this calculator works

This is a screening estimate for a roofing bid. The estimator stacks roof area (converted from square feet to squares, then waste-adjusted for the chosen material system), pitch-adjusted labor hours per square, tear-off labor for existing layers, material cost per square, accessories (underlayment, ice-and-water shield, drip edge, ridge vents, flashing), dump fees, company overhead, and a target net margin to produce a recommended bid price and a bid per square. The labor productivity benchmarks come from NRCA (National Roofing Contractors Association) industry studies. The material cost midpoints reflect 2025-2026 distributor pricing from ABC Supply, Beacon Building Products, and SRS Distribution. The labor rate input is a fully-loaded hourly rate that includes NCCI class 5551 workers' compensation premium — the single highest commercial WC rate in the standard NCCI manual. The output is a screening bid; the final bid must account for manufacturer-certified-contractor program requirements, local permit and disposal rules, OSHA 1926 Subpart M fall-protection rigging on steep slopes, supplier delivery surcharges, and crew skill mix.

The framework — NRCA, NCCI 5551, OSHA Subpart M, and manufacturer programs

Four reference systems frame every roofing bid.

NRCA (National Roofing Contractors Association). The trade association and credentialing body for the roofing industry. NRCA publishes the Roofing Manual (the industry-standard installation and estimating reference covering steep-slope asphalt, metal, tile, single-ply, and built-up systems), labor productivity studies that benchmark hours per square by material system and pitch, and the QualityPro contractor accreditation program. The labor productivity midpoints used in this calculator (asphalt 1-2 hr/sq, metal standing-seam 3 hr/sq, tile 3-5 hr/sq, TPO 1-2 hr/sq for low-slope commercial) are NRCA-aligned benchmarks.

NCCI class 5551 (roofing). The National Council on Compensation Insurance classification code that governs workers' compensation rating for roofing operations. NCCI 5551 base rates run $25-$60 per $100 of payroll in most states, before experience modification — the single highest commercial WC class in the standard NCCI manual. The 7-8x rate differential against general carpentry (NCCI 5403 at $4-$8 per $100) reflects the BLS-documented injury and fatality rate in roofing. The fully-loaded labor rate input to this calculator carries the 5551 burden; operators should not bid roofing work at carpentry-loaded labor rates.

OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M. The federal fall-protection standard for the construction industry. On roofing, the standard requires personal fall arrest, guardrails, or safety nets at 6 ft above lower level on every construction site. On low-slope roofs (4/12 and under), warning lines plus a designated monitor are permitted. On steep slopes the rigging burden is materially higher (anchor placement, rope management, harness changeover between sections), which is the actuarial basis for the NRCA pitch productivity multiplier built into this calculator.

Manufacturer-certified-contractor programs. GAF Master Elite, Owens Corning Platinum Preferred, CertainTeed SELECT ShingleMaster, Carlisle authorized applicator. These tiered credentials gate eligibility to bid enhanced-warranty work (GAF Golden Pledge, Owens Corning Platinum Protection, CertainTeed SureStart PLUS, Carlisle Golden Seal). Credentialed contractors command a 5-15% pricing premium and are the standard requirement for HOA capital roofing projects and commercial low-slope tenders. The calculator does NOT directly price the credential premium; operators should adjust target margin upward on credentialed bids.

Inputs explained

Roof surface area. Total roof surface area in square feet, measured along the slope (NOT building footprint). Use aerial measurement reports (EagleView, Hover, GAF QuickMeasure) or hand measurement with pitch correction. The calculator converts to squares (100 sqft = 1 square) and applies the waste factor for the chosen material system.

Roof pitch. Pitch class drives NRCA labor productivity multipliers (low 1.0x, moderate 1.1x, steep 1.3x, very steep 1.6x) and OSHA 1926 Subpart M fall-protection rigging requirements above 6 ft height. Steep slopes also command crew premium pricing because not every crew member is comfortable working at altitude.

Existing layers to tear off. Each existing layer adds approximately 0.5 hours of labor per square and a per-layer disposal fee. IRC and IBC cap roofing at two layers, so three or more layers trigger full tear-off. On tear-off, deck inspection commonly identifies 10-20% deck replacement on Florida or Gulf Coast roofs, less in dry climates.

Roofing material system. Selection drives material cost per square (asphalt $75-$200, metal $400-$1200, tile $600-$1500, membrane $400-$900), labor hours per square, and waste factor (asphalt 10-15%, metal 15%, tile 20%, membrane 5%).

Accessories. Synthetic underlayment (required by IRC R905 and most manufacturer warranties), ice-and-water shield (required by IRC R905.1.2 in cold climates and by most enhanced-warranty programs), drip edge (required by IRC R905.2.8.5 on asphalt installs), ridge and soffit vents (manufacturer warranties require ventilation meeting the IRC R806 1:300 net-free-area ratio), step and counter flashing (reusing existing flashing voids most manufacturer warranties on tear-off projects).

Fully-loaded labor rate. Crew labor rate per hour including base wage, FICA, FUTA, SUTA, NCCI 5551 workers' compensation, benefits, and per-diem. Typical loaded rates run $60-$100 per hour depending on geography and EMR.

Overhead and target margin. Company overhead is benchmarked at 12-20% of direct cost for CFMA specialty trade contractors. Target margin on roofing bids commonly runs 12-18% on residential re-roof work and 8-15% on commercial low-slope projects where bid competition is tighter.

Industry benchmarks — material systems

Asphalt 3-tab. Entry-level residential. Material $75-$125 per square, labor 1.0 hr/sq baseline, 10% waste, 20-year manufacturer warranty typical. Increasingly displaced by architectural shingles even on the budget end of the market.

Asphalt architectural (dimensional). Mainstream residential. Material $125-$200 per square, labor 1.5 hr/sq, 15% waste, 30-50 year manufacturer warranty typical, enhanced warranties (GAF Golden Pledge, Owens Corning Platinum, CertainTeed Integrity Roof System) require credentialed contractor.

Metal standing-seam. Premium residential and commercial. Material $700-$1200 per square, labor 3.0 hr/sq, 15% waste, 40-50 year material warranty. Steel and aluminum dominate residential; Galvalume and Kynar finishes carry the longest life.

Metal exposed-fastener (R-panel, 5V). Mid-market metal. Material $400-$700 per square, labor 2.0 hr/sq, 15% waste, 30-40 year material warranty. Fastener gasket failure is the long-term reliability constraint.

Concrete tile. Tile-roof regions and HOA architectural-controlled communities. Material $600-$1000 per square, labor 3.5 hr/sq, 20% waste, 50+ year material life. Structural load 600-1000 lbs/sq commonly requires reinforcement on re-roof.

Clay tile. Premium tile. Material $1000-$1500 per square, labor 4.5 hr/sq, 20% waste, 75-100 year material life. Higher breakage rate than concrete tile on install and from foot traffic.

TPO single-ply. Mainstream commercial low-slope. Material $400-$700 per square, labor 1.5 hr/sq, 5% waste, 20-30 year manufacturer warranty. 60 mil membrane is the commercial standard; 80 mil for harsher exposure.

EPDM single-ply. Legacy commercial low-slope. Material $400-$900 per square, labor 1.2 hr/sq, 5% waste, 20-30 year material life. Ballasted, mechanically attached, or fully adhered installation methods.

What this calculator does NOT model

It does NOT model deck replacement (project-specific, requires visual inspection on tear-off). It does NOT model manufacturer-certified-contractor program premium pricing directly (the operator should adjust target margin upward). It does NOT separately model OSHA 1926 Subpart M fall-protection rigging cost (rigging labor is implicit in the pitch productivity multiplier; equipment depreciation is treated as overhead). It does NOT model the cash-flow impact of progress billing and retention. It does NOT model storm-damage or insurance-claim economics — see the sibling Roofing Storm Damage Claim Estimator. It does NOT model workmanship warranty reserve pricing — see the sibling Roofing Warranty Pricing Calculator. It does NOT model contractor licensing fees, bonding capacity consumption, or experience modification factor (EMR) impact on the NCCI 5551 base rate. It does NOT model structural reinforcement on tile re-roof. The bid this calculator produces is the starting point for a full estimate review.

Sources

This calculator is built against the following references:

NRCA Roofing Manual — National Roofing Contractors Association installation and estimating reference; labor productivity benchmarks by material system and pitch.
NCCI Scopes Manual, class 5551 — National Council on Compensation Insurance classification code and base-rate guidance for roofing operations.
OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M — Federal construction-industry fall-protection standard; 6-foot trigger height, low-slope versus steep-slope rigging requirements.
Manufacturer-certified-contractor programs — GAF Master Elite, Owens Corning Platinum Preferred, CertainTeed SELECT ShingleMaster, Carlisle authorized applicator.
CFMA Construction Industry Annual Financial Survey — specialty trade contractor net margin band (12-20%) for the target-margin calibration.
IRC R905 and IBC Chapter 15 — International Residential Code and International Building Code roofing sections governing layer count, underlayment, ice-and-water shield, drip edge, and ventilation.
Supplier midpoint pricing — ABC Supply, Beacon Building Products, SRS Distribution distributor channel quote sheets, 2025-2026.

Last reviewed: 2026-05-17 against NRCA Roofing Manual (most-recent edition), NCCI Scopes Manual class 5551 (current filings), OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M (current), and CFMA Construction Industry Annual Financial Survey (most-recent release).

A square is 100 square feet of roof surface area. Roofing materials are packaged by the square (asphalt bundles, metal panels, tile lots), labor productivity is benchmarked per square (NRCA), waste factors are applied per square, and dump fees are charged per square. Bids quoted "per square" let the contractor benchmark labor and material against industry norms in a way that "per square foot" or "per linear foot" pricing does not — the square is the universal pricing unit in North American roofing.

Roof pitch (rise over run, expressed as X/12) drives labor productivity in two ways. First, gravity and footing — on a steep slope, the crew works against gravity, cannot stage materials on the deck, and moves slower. NRCA productivity studies show a 30-60% slowdown on slopes above 7/12 versus a 4/12 baseline. Second, OSHA 1926 Subpart M fall-protection rigging — above 6 ft height, personal fall arrest, guardrails, or safety nets are mandatory on construction sites; the rigging time and equipment burden scales with pitch (anchor placement, rope management, harness changeover between sections). Steep-slope work also commands a premium hourly rate from skilled crew members who are comfortable working at altitude.

NCCI class 5551 is the National Council on Compensation Insurance classification code for roofing operations. It is the single highest commercial workers' compensation rate in the standard NCCI manual — base rates run $25-$60 per $100 of payroll in most states, before experience modification (EMR). For comparison, NCCI class 5403 (carpentry) runs $4-$8 per $100 of payroll. The 7-8x rate differential reflects the actuarial reality that roofing has one of the highest injury and fatality rates of any construction trade (BLS injury and illness statistics). The consequence for bid pricing: a roofing crew member at a $25/hr base wage routinely loads to $60-$80/hr fully-loaded, where a carpentry crew member at the same base wage loads to $35-$45/hr. The calculator treats labor as a fully-loaded hourly rate input so the operator can plug in their actual loaded cost.

The four major asphalt-shingle manufacturers (GAF, Owens Corning, CertainTeed) and the major commercial single-ply manufacturers (Carlisle, Versico, Firestone) run tiered contractor credentialing programs. GAF Master Elite unlocks the 50-year Golden Pledge enhanced warranty; Owens Corning Platinum Preferred unlocks the Platinum Protection lifetime warranty; CertainTeed SELECT ShingleMaster unlocks the SureStart PLUS warranty; Carlisle authorized applicator is required for Golden Seal and Platinum Seal commercial warranties. The credential carries three economic effects. First, it gates bids on warranty-required projects (most HOA capital projects, commercial bids, and discerning residential customers require the credential). Second, it commands a 5-15% pricing premium on credentialed bids. Third, the credential requires meeting volume thresholds, training requirements, and complaint-handling standards, which constrains the operating model. The calculator does NOT model the credential premium directly; the operator should adjust target margin upward when bidding credentialed work.

Concrete tile and clay tile are materially heavier and more fragile than asphalt shingles, which drives three cost lines higher. First, MATERIAL cost — concrete tile delivered is $600-$1000 per square, clay tile $1000-$1500 per square, against $75-$200 per square for asphalt; the raw material is more expensive, the freight is more expensive (tile pallets are heavier), and the broken-tile waste rate is higher (20% versus 10-15% on asphalt). Second, LABOR cost — tile installation is 3-5 hours per square against 1-2 hours for asphalt; tile must be hand-placed, cut at hips and valleys, and fastened or set in mortar. Third, STRUCTURAL load — tile loads the roof at 600-1000 lbs per square against 200-350 lbs for asphalt, which routinely requires structural reinforcement on a re-roof where the original framing was sized for asphalt. The calculator captures the first two effects through material and labor inputs; the structural reinforcement is project-specific and outside the screening estimate.

Waste factor is the percentage of additional material ordered beyond the measured roof area to account for cut waste at hips and valleys, breakage, and starter / cap material. NRCA-recommended midpoints: asphalt 3-tab 10%, asphalt architectural 15% (more cut waste on dimensional shingles), metal panels 15%, concrete and clay tile 20% (cut waste is highest on rigid systems), single-ply membrane (TPO, EPDM) 5% (membrane is supplied in large rolls and cut waste is minimal). On complex roof geometries (cut-up roofs with multiple hips, valleys, dormers), bump the waste factor up 5%; on simple gable roofs, the lower end of the band is defensible. The calculator applies the standard waste factor per material system; the operator should override on simple or complex geometries.

Asphalt shingle roofs are limited by IRC and IBC to two layers of roofing material; a third layer requires full tear-off. On tear-off, the underlying deck is exposed and must be inspected for rot, delamination, broken sheathing, and fastener pullout. Common triggers for partial or full deck replacement: visible rot at eaves or valleys (water infiltration from failed flashing), delaminated OSB or plywood (long-term moisture exposure), broken or missing sheathing at gable ends (wind damage), inadequate fastening (older construction with non-code-compliant nail pattern). Industry rule of thumb: budget 10-20% deck replacement on a typical Florida or Gulf Coast re-roof; less in dry climates. The calculator does NOT separately model deck replacement; the operator should add a deck-replacement contingency line item to the bid based on visual inspection during the estimate.

Synthetic underlayment is the primary water-resistive barrier installed across the entire roof deck under the roofing material. It is required by IRC R905 and by every manufacturer warranty program. Ice-and-water shield is a self-adhered modified-bitumen membrane installed at eaves (the first 24-36 inches up-slope from the wall plate), in valleys, and around roof penetrations (chimneys, skylights, plumbing vents). IRC R905.1.2 requires ice-and-water shield in regions where the average daily temperature in January is 25 F or lower, which covers most of the northern half of the US and high-elevation areas elsewhere. Some manufacturer enhanced-warranty programs (GAF Golden Pledge, Owens Corning Platinum Protection) require ice-and-water shield even where the IRC does not, as a condition of the extended warranty. The calculator treats both as optional accessories; for warranty-bid work, both are typically required.

OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M is the fall-protection standard for the construction industry. On roofing work, the standard requires fall protection (personal fall arrest, guardrails, or safety nets) at any work surface 6 feet or more above the lower level. On low-slope roofs (4/12 and under), warning lines plus a designated monitor are permitted instead of personal fall arrest. On steep slopes (above 4/12), the rigging requirements are stricter and add meaningful labor time — anchor placement, rope management, harness changeover between sections, and break-time logistics around the rigging. Subpart M citations are the single most common roofing OSHA violation and the citations carry per-employee penalties under the 2024 inflation-adjusted fine schedule (serious violation up to $16,131; willful or repeated up to $161,323). The labor productivity benchmarks in this calculator implicitly assume the crew is rigged for fall protection at the pitch class selected; the operator should NOT bid steep-slope work at low-slope labor rates.

This is a bid-screening estimate, not a full project-cost-control system. It does NOT model deck replacement (project-specific, requires visual inspection). It does NOT model manufacturer-certified-contractor program premiums (the operator should adjust target margin upward on credentialed work). It does NOT model OSHA 1926 Subpart M fall-protection RIGGING cost separately (the labor productivity benchmarks at each pitch class implicitly include fall-protection rigging time, but the equipment depreciation and inspection cost is treated as overhead, not direct cost). It does NOT model the cash-flow impact of progress billing and retention. It does NOT model storm-damage / insurance-claim economics (see the sibling Roofing Storm Damage Claim Estimator). It does NOT model warranty pricing for the workmanship-warranty stack (see the sibling Roofing Warranty Pricing Calculator). It does NOT model contractor licensing fees, bonding capacity consumption, or experience modification factor (EMR) impact on the NCCI 5551 base rate. For comprehensive project financial planning, the bid this calculator produces is the starting point for a full estimate review.

Resources

Links marked sponsoredmay earn The Fennec Lab a commission. They do not affect the calculator's output. See disclosures.

NRCA — National Roofing Contractors Association — NRCA publishes the Roofing Manual (the industry-standard installation and estimating reference), labor productivity benchmarks, and the QualityPro contractor accreditation program. Membership is the standard credential for roofing operators in residential, commercial, and low-slope work.
GAF Master Elite contractor program — GAF's top-tier residential roofing contractor program — Master Elite eligibility unlocks the Golden Pledge enhanced warranty (50-year material + 25-year workmanship). The top 2% of GAF-eligible contractors qualify; the credential commands premium pricing in residential re-roof bids.
Owens Corning Platinum Preferred Contractor — Owens Corning's top-tier residential roofing contractor program. Platinum Preferred unlocks the Platinum Protection limited lifetime warranty with non-prorated coverage. Required for Owens Corning enhanced warranty bids.
CertainTeed SELECT ShingleMaster — CertainTeed's elite residential roofing contractor credential. SELECT ShingleMaster unlocks the SureStart PLUS extended warranty. The top tier in the CertainTeed contractor credential ladder.
Carlisle SynTec — authorized applicator program — Carlisle SynTec authorized applicator credential for commercial TPO, EPDM, and PVC single-ply roofing. Required for Carlisle Golden Seal and Platinum Seal extended warranty bids; the credential is the standard gate for commercial low-slope roofing tenders.
OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M — Fall Protection — OSHA fall-protection standard governing roofing work. Personal fall arrest, guardrails, or safety nets are required at 6 ft above lower level on construction sites; warning lines plus monitor are permitted on low-slope work. Citation under Subpart M is the single most common roofing OSHA violation.
NCCI Scopes Manual — class 5551 (roofing) — NCCI class 5551 governs the workers' compensation classification for roofing operations. NCCI 5551 base rates run $25-$60 per $100 of payroll in most states before experience modification — the highest commercial WC class in the standard NCCI manual.